He onge ngā tioata takitahi i te taiao, ā, ahakoa ka puta, he tino iti noa iho - i te tauine mirimita (mm) - ā, he uaua ki te tiki. Ko ngā taimana, emerara, ākete, me ētahi atu e kōrerotia ana, kāore e uru ki te hokohoko, me ngā tono ahumahi; ko te nuinga e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā whare taonga hei whakaaturanga. Heoi, he nui te uara ahumahi o ētahi tioata takitahi, pērā i te silicon tioata kotahi i roto i te ahumahi ara iahiko whakauru, te hapaira e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā karu whatu, me te silicon carbide, e piki haere ana te kaha i roto i ngā semiconductors o te whakatupuranga tuatoru. Ko te kaha ki te whakaputa papatipu i ēnei tioata takitahi i roto i te ahumahi ehara i te mea ko te kaha anake i roto i te hangarau ahumahi me te pūtaiao engari he tohu hoki mō te taonga. Ko te whakaritenga matua mō te whakaputa tioata takitahi i roto i te ahumahi ko te rahi nui, nā te mea he mea nui tēnei ki te whakaiti i ngā utu kia pai ake ai. Kei raro nei ētahi tioata takitahi e kitea whānuitia ana i runga i te mākete:
1. Karaihe Kotahi Hapaira
Ko te tioata hapaira kotahi e pā ana ki te α-Al₂O₃, he pūnaha tioata hexagonal tōna, ko te pakeke Mohs he 9, ā, he pumau ōna āhuatanga matū. Kāore e wairewa i roto i ngā wai waikura waikawa, kawakore rānei, ā, he ātete ki ngā pāmahana teitei, ā, he tino pai te tuku mārama, te kawe wera, me te ārai hiko.
Ki te whakakapia ngā iona Al i roto i te karaihe ki ngā iona Ti me Fe, ka puta te karaihe he kikorangi, ā, ka kiia he hapaira. Ki te whakakapia ki ngā iona Cr, ka puta he whero, ā, ka kiia he rupi. Heoi, ko te hapaira ahumahi he α-Al₂O₃ parakore, kāore he tae, he mārama, kāore he poke.
Ko te hapaira ahumahi he rite ki ngā papa angiangi, he 400–700 μm te matotoru, ā, he 4–8 inihi te whānui. E mōhiotia ana ēnei he papa angiangi, ā, he mea tapahi mai i ngā poro tioata. Kei raro nei he poro hou i tangohia mai i te oumu tioata kotahi, kāore anō kia orohia, kia tapahia rānei.
I te tau 2018, i angitu te whakatipu a te Kamupene Hiko Jinghui i roto o Mongolia i te karaihe hapaira nui rawa atu o te ao, 450 kg te taumaha. Ko te karaihe hapaira nui rawa atu o mua o te ao he karaihe 350 kg te taumaha i hangaia i Rūhia. E kitea ana i te ahua, he rite tonu te āhua o tēnei karaihe, he mārama katoa, kāore he kapiti, he rohe kōpaka rānei, ā, he iti noa ngā mirumiru.
2. Hiraka Karaihe Kotahi
I tēnei wā, ko te parakore o te silicon kotahi-kiriata e whakamahia ana mō ngā maramara ara iahiko whakauru he 99.9999999% ki te 99.999999999% (9–11 iwa), ā, me mau tonu te hanganga tino pai o te ingota silicon 420 kg ki te taimana. I roto i te taiao, he onge noa iho te taimana kotahi-karati (200 mg).
E rima ngā kamupene nui e whakahaere ana i te hanga o ngā konganuku silicon kotahi-kiritaki o te ao: ko Shin-Etsu o Hapani (28.0%), ko SUMCO o Hapani (21.9%), ko GlobalWafers o Taiwan (15.1%), ko SK Siltron o Kōrea ki te Tonga (11.6%), me Siltronic o Tiamana (11.3%). Ahakoa te kaihanga wafer semiconductor nui rawa atu i Haina matua, ko NSIG, kei a ia te 2.3% noa iho o te hea mākete. Heoi anō, hei tauhou, kaua e whakaititia tōna pūmanawa. I te tau 2024, kei te whakamahere a NSIG ki te haumi ki tētahi kaupapa hei whakapai ake i te hanga wafer silicon 300 mm mō ngā ara iahiko whakauru, me te tapeke haumi e kiia ana he ¥13.2 piriona.
Hei rauemi mata mō ngā maramara, kei te whanake haere ngā ingota silicon kotahi-kiriata teitei-parakore mai i te 6-inihi ki te 12-inihi te whānui. Ko ngā kamupene whakarewa maramara matua o te ao, pērā i a TSMC me GlobalFoundries, kei te hanga maramara mai i ngā wafer silicon 12-inihi hei mākete matua, i te mea kei te āta whakamutua haeretia ngā wafer 8-inihi. Kei te whakamahi tonu te kaiārahi o te motu, a SMIC, i ngā wafer 6-inihi. I tēnei wā, ko te SUMCO anake o Hapani ka taea te hanga i ngā papa wafer 12-inihi teitei-parakore.
3. Kariuma Āsenide
He rauemi haurua-haurua nui ngā anga Gallium arsenide (GaAs), ā, he tawhā nui tō rātou rahi i roto i te tukanga whakarite.
I tēnei wā, ko ngā rahi o ngā angaanga GaAs he 2 inihi, 3 inihi, 4 inihi, 6 inihi, 8 inihi, me te 12 inihi. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā angaanga 6-inihi tētahi o ngā whakaritenga e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
Ko te whānui mōrahi o ngā tioata takitahi i whakatipuria mā te tikanga Horizontal Bridgman (HB) he 3 inihi te whānui, engari ka taea e te tikanga Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) te whakaputa tioata takitahi tae atu ki te 12 inihi te whānui. Heoi, he nui ngā utu taputapu e hiahiatia ana mō te whakatipu LEC, ā, ka puta he tioata kāore i te ōrite me te matotoru te nekehanga. Ka taea e ngā tikanga Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) me Vertical Bridgman (VB) te whakaputa tioata takitahi tae atu ki te 8 inihi te whānui, me te hanganga ōrite me te matotoru te nekehanga iti ake.
Ko te hangarau whakaputa mō ngā papa GaAs kua orohia he 4-inihi me te 6-inihi he mea matua mātanga e ngā kamupene e toru: ko Sumitomo Electric Industries o Hapani, ko Freiberger Compound Materials o Tiamana, me AXT o Amerika. I te tau 2015, neke atu i te 90% o te wahanga mākete kua riro i ngā papa 6-inihi.
I te tau 2019, ko Freiberger, Sumitomo, me Beijing Tongmei te rangatira o te mākete papa GaAs o te ao, me ngā hea mākete o te 28%, 21%, me te 13%. E ai ki ngā whakatau tata a te kamupene tohutohu a Yole, ko ngā hokonga o te ao o ngā papa GaAs (kua hurihia hei rite 2-inihi) i eke ki te 20 miriona ngā wahi i te tau 2019, ā, e matapaetia ana ka neke atu i te 35 miriona ngā wahi i te tau 2025. Ko te uara o te mākete papa GaAs o te ao i tata ki te $200 miriona i te tau 2019, ā, e matapaetia ana ka eke ki te $348 miriona i te tau 2025, me te tere tipu ā-tau (CAGR) o te 9.67% mai i te tau 2019 ki te 2025.
4. Karaihe Takitahi Silicon Carbide
I tēnei wā, ka taea e te mākete te tautoko katoa i te tipu o ngā tioata takitahi silicon carbide (SiC) he 2-inihi me te 3-inihi te whānui. He maha ngā kamupene kua pūrongo i te angitu o te tipu o ngā tioata takitahi SiC momo-4H he 4-inihi, e tohu ana i te whakatutukitanga a Haina i ngā taumata o te ao i roto i te hangarau tipu tioata SiC. Heoi, kei te noho tonu he āputa nui i mua i te hokohoko.
Ko te tikanga, he iti noa ngā poro SiC e whakatipuria ana mā ngā tikanga wai-āhua, ā, ko te matotoru kei te taumata henimita. Koinei anō tētahi o ngā take o te utu nui o ngā papa SiC.
He tohunga a XKH ki te R&D me te tukatuka ritenga o ngā rauemi matua o te haurua-ā-ira, tae atu ki te hapaira, te silicon carbide (SiC), ngā papa silicon, me ngā uku, e kapi ana i te mekameka uara katoa mai i te tipu tioata ki te miihini tika. Mā te whakamahi i ngā āheinga ahumahi whakauru, ka whakaratohia e mātou he papa hapaira mahi-teitei, he papa silicon carbide, me ngā papa silicon tino-parakore, e tautokona ana e ngā otinga ritenga pērā i te tapahi ritenga, te paninga mata, me te hanga āhuahanga matatini hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia taiao tino nui i roto i ngā pūnaha laser, te hanga haurua-ā-ira, me ngā tono pūngao whakahou.
E piri ana ki ngā paerewa kounga, he tino tika ā mātou hua i te taumata maikorona, he pumau te pāmahana >1500°C, ā, he ātete pai ki te waikura, e whakarite ana i te pono i roto i ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua. Hei tāpiri, ka tukuna e mātou he papa quartz, he rauemi whakarewa/kore-whakarewa, me ētahi atu wāhanga semiconductor-grade, e āhei ai te whakawhiti maeneene mai i te tauira ki te hanga papatipu mō ngā kiritaki puta noa i ngā ahumahi.
Wā tuku: 29 o Ākuhata-2025