I roto i ngā rama-whakaputa mārama (LED) e ahu mai ana i te GaN, ko te ahunga whakamua tonu o ngā tikanga tipu epitaxial me te hoahoa taputapu kua akiaki i te whai huatanga o roto (IQE) kia tata atu ki tōna taumata ariā. Ahakoa ēnei ahunga whakamua, ko te mahi mārama whānui o ngā LED kei te herea tonutia e te whai huatanga tango mārama (LEE). I te mea kei te noho tonu te hapaira hei rauemi matua mō te epitaxy GaN, he mea nui te āhua o tōna mata ki te whakahaere i ngā ngaronga whatu i roto i te taputapu.

Kei roto i tēnei tuhinga he whakataurite whānui i waenga i ngā papa hapaira papatahi me ngā papa tauirangā papa hapaira (PSS)E whakamārama ana i ngā tikanga whatu me ngā tikanga tioata e whakarei ake ai te PSS i te whai huatanga o te tango mārama, me te whakamārama hoki he aha i noho ai te PSS hei paerewa tuturu i roto i te hanga LED mahi-teitei.

1. Te Whai Hua o te Tango Māmā hei Ārai Taketake

Ko te whai huatanga o te irahiko ā-waho (EQE) o te LED ka whakatauhia e te hua o ngā āhuatanga matua e rua:

$EQE=IQE\times LEE\backslash kuputuhi\{EQE\}\; =\; \backslash kuputuhi\{IQE\}\; \backslash times\; \backslash kuputuhi\{LEE\}$

EQE=IQE×LEE

Ahakoa e ine ana te IQE i te whai huatanga o te whakakotahitanga hihi i roto i te rohe hohe, e whakaahua ana te LEE i te wāhanga o ngā photon i hangaia e mawhiti angitu ana i te taputapu.

Mō ngā rama LED e ahu mai ana i te GaN i whakatipuria ki runga i ngā papa sapphire, ko te LEE i roto i ngā hoahoa tuku iho ka herea ki te 30–40%. Ko te take matua o tēnei herenga ko:

• He rerekētanga nui o te taupū whakaata i waenga i te GaN (n ≈ 2.4), te hapaira (n ≈ 1.7), me te hau (n ≈ 1.0)

• Te whakaata ā-roto katoa kaha (TIR) ​​i ngā atanga papatahi

• Te mau o te photon i roto i ngā paparanga epitaxial me te papa

Nō reira, he nui te wāhanga nui o ngā photon i hangaia ka whakaatahia ā-roto e ngā whakaata maha, ā, i te mutunga ka mimitihia e te rauemi, ka hurihia rānei hei wera, kaua e whai wāhi ki te whakaputa māramatanga whai hua.

2. Ngā Papa Hapaira Papatahi: Te Māmā o te Hanganga me ngā Here Whatu

2.1 Ngā Āhuatanga Hanganga

Ko ngā papa sapphire papatahi he tikanga whakamahi i te aronga c-plane (0001) me te mata maeneene, papatahi. Kua whānuitia te whakamahi nā:

• Kounga tioata teitei

• He tino pai te pumau o te wera me te matū

• Ngā tukanga hanga kua pakeke, ā, he utu whai hua

2.2 Whēkau Tirohanga

Mai i te tirohanga whatu, ka hua ake ngā atanga papatahi i ngā ara horapa photon tino ahunga me te matapae. Ina tae ngā photon i hangaia i te rohe hohe GaN ki te atanga GaN–hau, GaN–haphire rānei i ngā koki taunga e nui ake ana i te koki whakahirahira, ka puta te whakaata ā-roto katoa.

Ko te hua o tēnei:

• Te herenga kaha o te photon i roto i te taputapu

• Te nui haere o te mimiti e ngā irahiko whakarewa me ngā āhua hapa

• He tohatoha koki iti o te māramatanga e tukuna ana

Ko te tikanga, he iti noa te āwhina a ngā papa hapaira papatahi ki te wikitoria i te herenga whatu.

3. Ngā Papa Hapaira Tauira: Te Ariā me te Hoahoa Hanganga

Ka hangaia he papa sapphire tauira (PSS) mā te whakauru i ngā hanganga moroiti, nanoiti rānei ā-wā, ā-wā rānei ki runga i te mata sapphire mā te whakamahi i te whakaahua whakaahua me ngā tikanga whakairo.

Ko ngā āhuahanga PSS noa ko:

• Ngā hanganga kōniko

• Ngā kōpuku porowhita

• Ngā āhuatanga o te piramiti

• Ngā āhua porotaka, ngā āhua kōne poto rānei

Ko ngā inenga āhuatanga noa kei waenga i te iti-micrometer ki te maha micrometer, me te teitei, te nekehanga, me te huringa mahi e āta whakahaeretia ana.

4. Ngā Tikanga Whakarei i te Tango Mārama i roto i te PSS

4.1 Te Pehi i te Whakaata ā-Roto Katoa

Ka whakarerekē te āhua o te whenua toru-ahu o te PSS i ngā koki pānga ā-rohe i ngā atanga rauemi. Ko ngā photon e kite ana i te whakaata ā-roto katoa i tētahi rohe papatahi ka tukuna ki ngā koki i roto i te koeko mawhiti, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te puta atu i te taputapu.

4.2 Te Whakarei Ake i te Marara Whatu me te Whakarāpopototanga Ara

He maha ngā kaupapa whakaata me te whakahāngai e puta mai ana i ngā hanganga PSS, ā, ka puta ēnei:

• Te whakarōpūtanga matapōkere o ngā ahunga horapa photon

• Te whakanui ake i te taunekeneke me ngā atanga tango-mārama

• Te whakaiti i te wā noho o te photon i roto i te pūrere

E ai ki ngā tatauranga, ka whakanui ake ēnei pānga i te tūponotanga o te tangohanga o te photon i mua i te mimiti.

4.3 Te Whakatauranga Taupū Whakaata Whai Hua

Mai i te tirohanga whakatauira whatu, he paparanga whakawhiti taupū whakaata whai hua te PSS. Engari i te panoni ohorere o te taupū whakaata mai i te GaN ki te hau, ka whakaratohia e te rohe tauira he rerekētanga taupū whakaata āta haere, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā ngaronga whakaata Fresnel.

He rite tonu te ariā o tēnei tikanga ki ngā paninga ārai-whakaata, ahakoa e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā karu āhuahanga kaua ki te pokanoa kiriata-angiangi.

4.4 Te Whakaiti Ā-kore i ngā Ngaronga Ngongo Whatu

Mā te whakapoto i te roa o ngā ara photon me te pehi i ngā whakaata ā-roto e whakahokia ana, ka whakaitihia e te PSS te tūponotanga o te mimiti whatu mā te:

• Ngā hononga whakarewa

• Ngā āhua koha karaihe

• Te mimiti kaikawe-kore i roto i te GaN

Ka whai wāhi ēnei pānga ki te whakapiki i te whai huatanga me te whakapai ake i te mahi wera.

5. Ngā Painga Tāpiri: Te Whakapai Ake i te Kounga o te Tioata

Haunga te whakarei ake i te whatu, ka whakapai ake hoki te PSS i te kounga o ngā rauemi epitaxial mā roto i ngā tikanga epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) taha:

• Ka tukuna, ka whakamutua rānei ngā nekehanga e ahu mai ana i te atanga hapaira-GaN

• Ka tino heke te mātotoru o te nekehanga miro

• Ka whakarei ake te kounga tioata i te pono o te taputapu me te roa o te mahi

Mā tēnei painga whatu me te hanganga e rua e wehewehe ai te PSS i ngā huarahi whakanikoniko mata whatu anake.

6. Whakataurite Tauanga: Papatahi Hapaira vs. PSS

Ko ngā hua tuturu o te mahi ka whakawhirinaki ki te āhua o te tauira, te roangaru tukunga, te hoahoa maramara, me te rautaki tākai.

7. Ngā Tauhokohoko me ngā Whakaaro Hangarau

Ahakoa ōna painga, he maha ngā wero mahi a te PSS:

• Ka piki ake te utu hanga mā te tāpiri i ngā mahi whakairo me te whakairo

• Me whakahaere tika te ōritetanga o te tauira me te hohonu o te whakairo

• Ka pā kino pea ngā tauira kāore i te tino pai te whakatikatika i te ōritetanga o te epitaxial

Nō reira, he mahi maha-mātauranga te arotautanga PSS e uru ana ki te whakatauira whatu, te hangarau tipu epitaxial, me te hoahoa taputapu.

8. Te Tirohanga Ahumahi me te Tirohanga ā-Mārama

I roto i ngā mahi hanga rama LED o ēnei rā, kāore te PSS e kiia ana he whakarei ake i ngā mea whiriwhiri. I roto i ngā tono rama LED mana-waenga me te mana-tiketike—tae atu ki te whakamārama whānui, te rama motuka, me te whakamārama whakaaturanga—kua noho hei hangarau taketake.

Ko ngā au rangahau me ngā whanaketanga ā muri ake nei ko:

• Ngā hoahoa PSS matatau kua whakaritea mō ngā tono Mini-LED me Micro-LED

• Ngā huarahi ranu e whakakotahi ana i te PSS me ngā tioata photonic, te kakano mata nanoscale rānei

• Te whakapau kaha tonu ki te whakaiti i ngā utu me ngā hangarau tauira tauine

Whakamutunga

Ko ngā papa sapphire tauira e tohu ana i tētahi whakawhiti taketake mai i ngā tautoko miihini kore mahi ki ngā wāhanga whatu me ngā hanganga mahi i roto i ngā taputapu LED. Mā te aro atu ki ngā ngaronga tango mārama i ō rātou pūtake—arā, ko te here whatu me te whakaata atanga—ka taea e te PSS te whakapiki ake i te pai, te whakapai ake i te pono, me te mahi pūmau o te taputapu.

He rerekē, ahakoa he ātaahua tonu ngā papa sapphire papatahi nā te mea he ngāwari ki te hanga me te iti o te utu, ko ōna herenga whatu ā-roto e whakawhāiti ana i tō rātou pai mō ngā rama LED whai hua o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei. I te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau LED, ko te PSS te tauira mārama o te huarahi ka taea ai e te hangarau rauemi te whakaputa tika ki ngā hua mahi taumata-pūnaha.