Hanganga pūtoru karaihe kotahi te papa/wafer Ni a=3.25A kiato 8.91

Ko ngā whakatakotoranga tioata o ngā papa Ni, pērā i te <100>, <110>, me te <111>, he mea nui ki te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga o te mata me te taunekeneke o te rauemi. Mā ēnei whakatakotoranga ka taea te whakataurite i ngā whatunga ki ngā rauemi angiangi rerekē, e tautoko ana i te tipu tika o ngā paparanga epitaxial. Hei tāpiri, nā te ātete ki te waikura o te nikara ka roa te mau i roto i ngā taiao uaua, he mea whai hua mō ngā tono i roto i te rererangi, te moana, me te tukatuka matū. Mā tōna kaha miihini ka taea e ngā papa Ni te tu atu ki ngā uauatanga o te tukatuka ā-tinana me te whakamātautau me te kore e pirau, ka whakarato i te turanga pumau mō ngā hangarau whakatakotoranga me te paninga kiriata angiangi. Mā tēnei huinga o ngā āhuatanga wera, hiko, me te miihini ka nui te hiranga o ngā papa Ni mō te rangahau matatau i roto i te nanotechnology, te pūtaiao mata, me te hikohiko.
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te nikara ko te pakeke me te kaha teitei, tae atu ki te 48-55 HRC te pakeke. He pai te ātete ki te waikura, inā koa ki te waikawa me te kawakore me ētahi atu matū, ā, he tino pai te ātete ki te waikura. Ko te kawe hiko me te aukume pai tētahi o ngā wāhanga matua o te hanga koranu hikohiko.
Ka taea te whakamahi i te nikara i roto i ngā mara maha, pērā i te rauemi kawe hiko mō ngā wāhanga hiko me te rauemi whakapā. Whakamahia hei hanga pākahiko, motuka, whakawhiti hiko me ētahi atu taputapu hikohiko. Whakamahia i roto i ngā hononga hiko, ngā raina tuku me ētahi atu pūnaha hiko. Hei rauemi hanganga mō ngā taputapu matū, ngā ipu, ngā paipa, me ētahi atu. Whakamahia hei hanga taputapu tauhohenga matū me ngā whakaritenga ātete waikura teitei. Whakamahia i roto i ngā mara rongoā, hinu matū me ētahi atu mara e tino hiahiatia ana te ātete waikura o ngā rauemi.

Nā te maha o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū, ā-kirikiri, me ā-kirikiri, ka kitea ngā whakamahinga maha puta noa i ngā momo mara pūtaiao me ngā mara ahumahi. Kei raro nei ētahi o ngā whakamahinga matua o ngā kirikirikiri Ni: He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā kirikirikiri i roto i te whakatakoto i ngā kiriata angiangi me ngā paparanga epitaxial. Ko ngā whakatakotoranga kirikirikiri motuhake o ngā kirikirikiri Ni, pērā i te <100>, <110>, me te <111>, ka taea te whakataurite i te whatunga ki ngā momo rauemi, ka taea ai te tipu tika me te whakahaere i ngā kiriata angiangi. He maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā kirikirikiri Ni i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā taputapu rokiroki aukume, ngā pūoko, me ngā taputapu spintronic, ko te whakahaere i te takahuri irahiko te mea nui ki te whakapai ake i te mahi a te taputapu. He whakakorikori pai te nikara mō ngā tauhohenga whanaketanga hauwai (HER) me ngā tauhohenga whanaketanga hāora (OER), he mea nui ki te wehewehe wai me te hangarau pūtau wahie. He maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā kirikirikiri Ni hei rauemi tautoko mō ngā paninga whakakorikori i roto i ēnei whakamahinga, e whai wāhi ana ki ngā tukanga hurihanga pūngao whai hua.
Ka taea e mātou te whakarite i ngā momo whakatakotoranga, matotoru me ngā āhua o te papa Ni tioata kotahi kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga motuhake a ngā kiritaki.