Ka whakatupuhia ngā tioata hapaira mai i te paura alumina tino parakore me te parakore o te >99.995%, koia te wāhi e hiahiatia nuitia ana mō te alumina tino parakore. He kaha teitei, he pakeke teitei, me ngā āhuatanga matū pumau, e āhei ai rātou ki te mahi i roto i ngā taiao uaua pēnei i te pāmahana teitei, te waikura, me te pānga. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te tiaki whenua, te hangarau ā-iwi, te hikohiko moroiti, me ētahi atu mara.
Mai i te paura alumina tino parakore ki ngā tioata hapaira
1Ngā Whakamahinga Matua o te Hapira
I roto i te rāngai parepare, ko ngā tioata hapaira te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō ngā matapihi pūwero whero o te pere. Ko ngā pakanga o ēnei rā e hiahia ana kia tino tika te mahi a ngā pere, ā, ko te matapihi whatu pūwero whero he wāhanga nui hei whakatutuki i tēnei whakaritenga. I te mea ka pāngia ngā pere e te wera nui me te pānga i te wā e rere tere ana, me ngā taiao whawhai kino hoki, me kaha te radome, me ātete ki te pānga, me te kaha ki te tu atu i te horo o te onepu, te ua, me ētahi atu āhuatanga kino o te rangi. Ko ngā tioata hapaira, me ō rātou tuku māramatanga pai, ngā āhuatanga miihini pai rawa atu, me ngā āhuatanga matū pumau, kua noho hei rauemi pai mō ngā matapihi pūwero whero o te pere.
Ko ngā papa rama LED te whakamahinga nui rawa atu o te hapaira. Ko te rama LED te tuatoru o ngā hurihanga i muri i ngā rama fluorescent me ngā rama penapena hiko. Ko te kaupapa o ngā rama LED ko te huri i te kaha hiko hei kaha mārama. Ina pā te iahiko i roto i te semiconductor, ka honoa ngā kōhao me ngā irahiko, ka tukuna te kaha nui i roto i te ahua o te mārama, ā, ka puta he whakamārama. Ko te hangarau maramara LED e hangai ana ki ngā papa epitaxial, ka whakatakotoria ngā rauemi hau papatahi ki runga i te papa. Ko ngā rauemi papa matua ko ngā papa silicon, ngā papa silicon carbide, me ngā papa hapaira. I roto i ēnei, he nui ngā painga o ngā papa hapaira ki runga i ētahi atu e rua, tae atu ki te pumau o te taputapu, te hangarau whakarite pakari, te kore e mimiti i te mārama e kitea ana, te pai o te whakawhiti mārama, me te utu taurite. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga e 80% o ngā kamupene LED o te ao e whakamahi ana i te hapaira hei rauemi papaira.
Haunga ngā whakamahinga kua whakahuatia ake nei, e whakamahia ana hoki ngā tioata hapaira i roto i ngā mata waea pūkoro, ngā taputapu hauora, te whakapaipai whakapaipai, me te mea he rauemi matapihi mō ngā taputapu kimi pūtaiao pēnei i ngā karāhe me ngā porotiti.
2. Te Rahi o te Mākete me ngā Tūmanako
Nā te tautoko kaupapa here me te whānui haere o ngā whakamahinga o ngā maramara LED, e matapaetia ana ka eke te hiahia mō ngā papa sapphire me te rahi o te mākete ki te tipu rua-mati. I te tau 2025, e matapaetia ana ka eke te rahinga tuku o ngā papa sapphire ki te 103 miriona ngā wahi (ka hurihia hei papa 4-inihi), he pikinga 63% ki te whakataurite ki te tau 2021, me te tere tipu ā-tau (CAGR) o te 13% mai i te tau 2021 ki te 2025. E matapaetia ana ka eke te rahi o te mākete o ngā papa sapphire ki te ¥8 piriona i te tau 2025, he pikinga 108% ki te whakataurite ki te tau 2021, me te CAGR o te 20% mai i te tau 2021 ki te 2025. Hei "mua" ki ngā papa, e kitea ana te rahi o te mākete me te ia tipu o ngā tioata sapphire.
3. Te Whakarite i ngā Kiriata Hapaira
Mai i te tau 1891, i te wā i hangaia ai e te kaimātai matū Wīwī a Verneuil A. te tikanga whakakotahitanga mura hei whakaputa i ngā tioata kohatu horihori mō te wā tuatahi, kua neke atu i te rau tau te roa o te ako i te tipu o te tioata hapaira horihori. I roto i tēnei wā, kua akiakihia e ngā whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau he rangahau whānui ki ngā tikanga tipu hapaira hei whakatutuki i ngā tono ahumahi mō te kounga tioata teitei ake, te whakapai ake i ngā reiti whakamahinga, me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa. Kua puta ake ngā tikanga me ngā hangarau hou mō te whakatipu tioata hapaira, pērā i te tikanga Czochralski, te tikanga Kyropoulos, te tikanga tipu whāngai kiriata (EFG) kua tautuhia ki te taha, me te tikanga whakawhiti wera (HEM).
3.1 Te Tikanga Czochralski mō te Whakatipu i ngā Tioata Hapira
Ko te tikanga Czochralski, i tīmatahia e Czochralski J. i te tau 1918, e mōhiotia ana ko te tikanga Czochralski (i whakarāpopototia ko te tikanga Cz). I te tau 1964, i whakamahia tuatahitia tēnei tikanga e Poladino AE me Rotter BD hei whakatipu tioata hapaira. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, he maha ngā tioata hapaira kounga teitei kua puta. Ko te kaupapa matua ko te whakarewa i te rauemi mata hei hanga i te rewa, kātahi ka tōia he purapura tioata kotahi ki roto i te mata rewa. Nā te rerekētanga pāmahana i te atanga totoka-wai, ka puta te whakamatao nui, ka whakapakeke te rewa i runga i te mata purapura, ka tīmata te whakatipu i te tioata kotahi me te hanganga tioata rite ki te purapura. Ka āta kumea te purapura ki runga i te wā e hurihuri ana i tētahi tere. I te kumea o te purapura, ka āta totoka te rewa i te atanga, ka hanga he tioata kotahi. Ko tēnei tikanga, e uru ana ki te kume i te tioata mai i te rewa, tētahi o ngā tikanga noa mō te whakarite tioata takitahi kounga teitei.
Ko ngā painga o te tikanga Czochralski ko: (1) te tere o te tipu, e āhei ai te whakaputa i ngā tioata takitahi kounga teitei i roto i te wā poto; (2) ka tipu ngā tioata i te mata rewa me te kore e pā ki te pakitara o te oko, ka whakaiti i te ahotea o roto me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te tioata. Heoi, ko tētahi ngoikoretanga nui o tēnei tikanga ko te uaua ki te whakatipu i ngā tioata whānui, ka kore e pai mō te whakaputa tioata rahi.
3.2 Te Tikanga Kyropoulos mō te Whakatipu i ngā Tioata Hapira
Ko te tikanga Kyropoulos, i hangaia e Kyropoulos i te tau 1926 (i whakarāpopototia ko te tikanga KY), he rite tonu ki te tikanga Czochralski. Ko te tikanga he tuku i te tioata purapura ki roto i te mata rewa, ka āta kukume ake kia hanga he kaki. Kia tau te tere totoka i te atanga rewa-purapura, kāore te purapura e toia, e hurihia rānei. Engari, ka whakahaeretia te tere whakamatao kia taea ai e te tioata kotahi te totoka haere mai i runga ki raro, ā, i te mutunga ka hanga he tioata kotahi.
Mā te tukanga Kyropoulos ka puta he tioata kounga teitei, he iti te kiato hapa, he nui, ā, he pai te utu.
3.3 Te Tikanga Tipu Whāngai Kiriata (EFG) mō te Tipu Tioata Hapira
He hangarau whakatipu tioata āhua-ahua te tikanga EFG. Ko tōna kaupapa matua ko te whakatakoto i tētahi whakarewa rewa-teitei ki roto i tētahi pokepokea ai. Ka kumea te whakarewa ki te tihi o te pokepokea ai mā te mahi kapia, ka pā atu ki te tioata purapura. I te kumea o te purapura, ā, i te whakapakeketanga o te whakarewa, ka puta he tioata kotahi. Ko te rahi me te āhua o te taha pokepokea ai e whakawhāiti ana i ngā āhua tioata. Nō reira, he iti noa ngā herenga o tēnei tikanga, ā, he pai rawa atu mō ngā tioata hapaira āhua-ahua pērā i ngā ngongo me ngā kōtaha āhua-U.
3.4 Tikanga Whakawhiti Wera (HEM) mō te Whakatipu i ngā Tioata Hapira
I hangaia te tikanga whakawhiti wera mō te whakarite i ngā tioata hapaira rahi e Fred Schmid rāua ko Dennis i te tau 1967. He tino pai te ārai wera o te pūnaha HEM, he mana motuhake ki te whakahaere i te pikinga pāmahana i roto i te rewa me te tioata, ā, he pai te whakahaere. He ngāwari noa te whakaputa i ngā tioata hapaira me te iti o te nekehanga me te nui.
Ko ngā painga o te tikanga HEM ko te kore o te nekehanga i roto i te ipu para, te karaihe, me te whakamahana i te wā e tipu ana, ka whakakorea ngā mahi kukume pērā i ngā tikanga Kyropoulos me Czochralski. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei te pokanoa a te tangata, ā, ka karohia hoki ngā hapa karaihe i puta mai i te nekehanga miihini. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te whakahaere i te tere whakamatao hei whakaiti i te ahotea wera me ngā hapa pakaru me te nekehanga o te karaihe. Mā tēnei tikanga ka taea te tipu o ngā tioata rahi nui, he ngāwari te whakahaere, ā, he pai ngā tūmanako whanaketanga.
Mā te whakamahi i te tohungatanga hohonu ki te tipu o te karaihe hapaira me te tukatuka tika, ka whakaratohia e XKH ngā otinga papa hapaira ritenga mai i te mutunga ki te mutunga kua whakaritea mō ngā tono tiaki, LED, me te hikohiko opto. Haunga te hapaira, ka tukuna e mātou he whānuitanga katoa o ngā rauemi semiconductor mahi-teitei tae atu ki ngā papa hapaira silicon carbide (SiC), ngā papa hapaira silicon, ngā wāhanga uku SiC, me ngā hua quartz. Ka whakarite mātou i te kounga tino pai, te pono, me te tautoko hangarau puta noa i ngā rauemi katoa, hei āwhina i ngā kiritaki ki te whakatutuki i te mahi tino pai i roto i ngā tono ahumahi me te rangahau matatau.
Wā tuku: 29 o Ākuhata-2025