He aha i wera ai ngā maramara hou

I te hurihanga o ngā transistors nano i ngā tere gigahertz, ka tere ngā irahiko i roto i ngā ara iahiko, ka ngaro te pūngao hei wera—ko te wera kotahi e pā ana ki a koe ina mahana rawa te pona, te waea rānei. Mā te tāpiri i ngā transistors ki roto i tētahi maramara ka iti ake te wāhi hei tango i taua wera. Engari i te horapa ōrite mā roto i te silicon, ka kohia te wera ki roto i ngā wāhi wera ka tekau ngā nekehanga te wera atu i ngā rohe e karapoti ana. Hei karo i te kino me te ngaronga o te mahi, ka whakawhāitihia e ngā pūnaha ngā CPU me ngā GPU ina piki ake te pāmahana.

Te whānuitanga o te wero wera

Ko te mea i tīmata hei whakataetae ki te whakaitiiti, kua huri hei pakanga ki te wera puta noa i ngā hikohiko katoa. I roto i te rorohiko, ka piki haere tonu te kaha o te mahi (ka taea e ngā tūmau takitahi te whakamahi i te tekau kirowati). I roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, e hiahia ana ngā ara iahiko matihiko me te ara iahiko anaro ki te kaha transistor teitei ake mō ngā tohu kaha ake me ngā raraunga tere ake. I roto i te hikohiko mana, ka piki haere te pai o te mahi nā ngā here wera.

He rautaki rerekē: horahia te wera ki roto i te maramara

Engari i te tuku i te wera kia kukū, he whakaaro whai hua tewaimehai roto i te maramara tonu—he rite ki te ringihia he kapu wai kohua ki roto i te puna kaukau. Mēnā ka horahia te wera ki te wāhi e puta ai, ka noho mātao tonu ngā taputapu wera rawa atu, ā, ka pai ake te mahi a ngā whakamatao tikanga (ngā totohu wera, ngā pā, ngā koropiko wai). Me whairauemi ārai hiko, kawe wera teiteihe nanometa anake i whakauruhia mai i ngā transistors hohe me te kore e whakararuraru i ō rātou āhuatanga ngawari. He kaitono ohorere e pai ana ki tēnei pire:taimana.

He aha te taimana?

Ko te taimana tētahi o ngā kaiārahi wera pai rawa atu e mōhiotia ana—he maha ngā wā teitei ake i te parahi—ā, he ārai hiko anō hoki. Ko te raruraru ko te whakaurunga: ko ngā tikanga tipu tuku iho e hiahia ana kia tata ki te 900–1000 °C, neke atu rānei, ka kino pea ngā ara iahiko matatau. E whakaatu ana ngā whanaketanga hou ko te angiangitaimana polycrystallineka taea te whakatipu i ngā kiriata (he torutoru maikiromita noa te matotoru) ingā pāmahana tino iti ihoe tika ana mō ngā taputapu kua oti.

Ngā pouaka whakamatao o ēnei rā me ō rātou rohe

Ko te whakamatao matua e aro ana ki ngā totohu wera pai ake, ngā pā, me ngā rauemi atanga. Ka tūhuratia hoki e ngā kairangahau te whakamatao wai moroiti, ngā rauemi huri-āhuatanga, tae noa ki te rumaki i ngā tūmau ki roto i ngā wai e kawe ana i te wera me te ārai hiko. He mahi nui ēnei, engari ka nui, ka utu nui, ka kore rānei e ōrite ki ngā mea hou.Whakarārangi-3Dngā hoahoa maramara, he rite te mahi a ngā paparanga silicon maha ki tētahi "whare teitei." I roto i ēnei puranga, me whakaheke te wera o ia paparanga; ki te kore ka mau ngā wāhi wera ki roto.

Me pēhea te whakatipu taimana e pai ana mō ngā taputapu

He tino pai te kawe wera o te taimana kotahi-kiriata (≈2200–2400 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, tata ki te ono ngā wā i te parahi). Ka taea e ngā kiriata polycrystalline ngāwari ake te hanga te whakatata ki ēnei uara ina tino matotoru—ā, he pai tonu i te parahi ahakoa he angiangi. Ka tauhohe te whakatakotoranga matū kohu tuku iho i te methane me te hauwai i te pāmahana teitei, ka hanga he pou nano taimana poutū ka hanumi hei kiriata; i taua wā kua matotoru te paparanga, kua taumaha, ā, he ngāwari ki te pakaru.
He rerekē te tikanga mō te tipu i te pāmahana iti iho. Mā te whakaiti noa i te wera ka puta he pungarehu kawe hiko, kaua e ārai i te taimana. Te whakauru i tehāorae keri tonu ana i te waro kore-taimana, e āhei aitaimana polycrystalline nui-kiko i ~400 °C, he pāmahana e hototahi ana ki ngā ara iahiko whakauru matatau. He mea nui anō hoki, ka taea e te tukanga te pani i ngā mata whakapae anake engaringā pakitara taha, he mea nui tēnei mō ngā taputapu 3D tūturu.

Ātete rohe wera (TBR): te aukati phonon

Ka haria te wera i roto i ngā mea totoka engā phonon(ngā wiri whatunga kua inehia). I ngā atanga rauemi, ka taea e ngā phonon te whakaata me te puranga, ka hangaātete rohe wera (TBR)e ārai ana i te rere o te wera. E whai ana te hangarau atanga ki te whakaiti i te TBR, engari he iti ngā kōwhiringa nā te hototahi o te haurua-haurua. I ētahi atanga, ka taea e te whakaranu te hanga i tētahi angiangikāpira silicon (SiC)he paparanga e pai ake ai te ōrite o ngā irahiko phonon i ngā taha e rua, e mahi ana hei "piriti" me te whakaiti i te TBR—nā reira ka whakapai ake i te whakawhiti wera mai i ngā taputapu ki te taimana.

He wāhi whakamātautau: GaN HEMTs (transistors auau-reo irirangi)

Ko ngā transistors nekehanga-irahiko teitei (HEMT) e hangai ana ki te iahiko whakahaere gallium nitride i roto i te hau irahiko 2D, ā, he mea nui mō te mahi auau-teitei, mana-teitei (tae atu ki te X-band ≈8–12 GHz me te W-band ≈75–110 GHz). Nā te mea ka puta te wera tata rawa ki te mata, he tino pai ki te tirotiro i tētahi paparanga horapa wera kei roto. Ina kapi te taimana angiangi i te taputapu—tae atu ki ngā pakitara taha—kua kitea te hekenga o ngā pāmahana o te awa.~70°C, me ngā whakapainga nui o te rūma upoko wera i te mana teitei.

Taimana i roto i ngā puranga CMOS me te 3D

I roto i te rorohiko matatau,Te whakarārangi 3Dka whakanui ake i te kiato me te mahi whakauru engari ka hangaia he aukati wera ā-roto ki te wāhi kāore i te tino whai hua ngā whakamatao tuku iho, ā-waho. Mā te whakauru taimana ki te silicon ka taea anō te whakaputa i tētahi hua paiPaparanga SiC, ka puta he atanga wera kounga teitei.
Ko tētahi hoahoanga e whakaarohia ana hetūāpapa wera: ngā rau taimana angiangi-nanomita kua whakauruhia ki runga ake i ngā transistors i roto i te dielectric, e honoa ana engā pou wera poutū ("pou wera")he mea hanga ki te parahi, ki te taimana tāpiri rānei. Ka tukuna e ēnei pou te wera mai i te paparanga ki te paparanga tae noa ki te taenga ki tētahi pouaka whakamatao o waho. E whakaatu ana ngā whakatauira me ngā kawenga mahi tūturu ka taea e aua hanganga te whakaiti i ngā pāmahana tihi mā tetae atu ki te rahingai roto i ngā puranga taunakitanga-o-te-ariā.

He aha tonu te uaua

Ko ngā wero matua ko te hanga i te mata o runga o te taimanapapatahi ātomimō te whakaurunga maeneene ki ngā hononga me ngā dielectrics o runga, me ngā tukanga whakamahine kia mau tonu ai te kawe wera pai o ngā kiriata angiangi me te kore e whakararu i te ara iahiko o raro.

Tirohanga

Ki te haere tonu te pakari o ēnei tikanga,te horapa wera taimana i roto i te maramaraka taea te whakangawari i ngā rohe wera i roto i te CMOS, RF, me te hikohiko mana—e tuku ana i te mahi teitei ake, te pono ake, me te whakaurunga 3D kiato ake me te kore e pāngia e te wera noa.